Methods and systems for entropy collection for server-side key generation

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the present invention provide a multiple source entropy feed for a PRNG that is used to generate server-side encryption keys. In particular, embodiments of the present invention provide a data recovery manager that collects additional entropy sources that feed into the PRNG between each key generation. The entropy may be collected from a variety of sources, for example, high-resolution timer intervals between input/output interrupts, hard disk access operations, and the like. The number of bits of entropy collected may be configured for each key generation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled “Methods and Systems For Key Escrow” filed Jun. 6, 2006, and commonly assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled “Methods And Systems For Secure Key Delivery,” filed Jun. 6, 2006 and commonly assigned, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled “Methods and Systems For Server-Side Key Generation” filed Jun. 6, 2006 and commonly assigned.

FIELD

This invention generally relates to secure client-server systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and system for collecting entropy used to generate pseudo random numbers for cryptographic systems.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Although smart cards are often compared to hard drives, they are “secured drives with a brain”—they store and process information. Smart cards are storage devices with the core mechanics to facilitate communication with a reader or coupler. They have file system configurations and the ability to be partitioned into public and private spaces that can be made available or locked. They also have segregated areas for protected information, such as certificates, e-purses, and entire operating systems. In addition to traditional data storage states, such as read-only and read/write, some vendors are working with sub-states best described as “add only” and “update only.”

The physical characteristics of smart cards are governed by international standards. For example, the size of a card is covered by ISO-7810. ISO-7816 and subsequent standards cover manufacturing parameters, physical and electrical characteristics, location of the contact points, communication protocols, data storage, and more. Data layout and format, however, can vary from vendor to vendor.

Smart cards are a way to increase security especially for enterprise systems. Enterprise system often contain valuable information such as financial data, personnel records, strategies, etc., that may be critical for the entity administrating the enterprise system. Moreover, smart cards may offer a method to control access to data within the enterprise systems. Accordingly, the reasons to use smart card are plentiful.

However, there are drawbacks and disadvantages to smart cards. For example, if a user loses or has the smart card, the user cannot access the information. The user may obtain a replacement smart card for access, but the system administrator may have to perform a substantial number of tasks to allow the user to regain access to his original data.

Smart cards that follow generally accepted best practices do not allow a key to be extracted from the smart card. Thus, archiving of a copy of a key for later restoration, the key has to be generated outside the device.

Unfortunately, it can be difficult to secure the device that generates these keys. The key generator typically uses a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) to generate the random numbers for the encryption keys. The security of the encryption system, thus, depends in large part on the strength of the PRNG. A typical PRNG at a key generator utilizes an entropy collector to collect random bits of information that are used to seed the PRNG algorithms: However, since computers and machines by nature are deterministic, the entropy collected is typically deterministic in some fashion as well. This correspondingly can reduce the strength of the encryption and security system.

Therefore, there is a need for a method and system to provide a strong PRNG for generating keys. In addition, it may be desirable to collect bits of entropy that is as random as possible.

SUMMARY

An embodiment pertains generally to a method of generating credentials for a token. The method includes detecting the token and the server determining that the token is to be enrolled and generating a subject key pair within the server, where the subject key pair includes a subject public key and the subject private key. The method also includes encrypting the subject private key with a key transport session key to arrive at a wrapped private key and forwarding the wrapped private key to the token.

Another embodiment relates generally to a system for generating credentials for a token. The system includes a a token, a security client configured to manage the token, and a security server configured to interface with the security client. The security server is configured to to detect the token to be enrolled by the security server and generate a subject key pair within the security server, where the subject key pair includes a subject public key and the subject private key. The security server is also configured to encrypt the subject private key with a key transport session key to arrive at a wrapped private key and forward the wrapped private key to the token.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various features of the embodiments can be more fully appreciated as the same become better understood with reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments when considered in connection with the accompanying figures, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates an architectural diagram of the security client and server in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram in accordance with yet another embodiment; and

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary computing machine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention provide a multiple source entropy feed for a PRNG that is used to generate server-side encryption keys. In particular, embodiments of the present invention provide a data recovery manager that collects additional entropy sources that feed into the PRNG between each key generation. The entropy may be collected from a variety of sources, for example, high-resolution timer intervals between input/output interrupts, hard disk access operations, and the like. The number of bits of entropy collected may be configured for each key generation.

For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the principles of the present invention are described by referring mainly to exemplary embodiments thereof. However, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily recognize that the same principles are equally applicable to, and can be implemented in, all types of secure distributed environments and that any such variations do not depart from the true spirit and scope of the present invention. Moreover, in the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying figures, which illustrate specific embodiments. Electrical, mechanical, logical and structural changes may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Embodiments generally relate to an enterprise security (ES) system executing on a server with a security client executing on a user desktop (erg., Windows, Linux, Mac). The security client may be configured to interface with the ES system and provide an interface to manage a smart card, communicate with ES system, act as a proxy for application program data units (APDUs) sent between the ES system and the smart card, and display user interfaces (UIs) as the ES system directs (for example, prompting user for credentials and/or PIN, displaying smart card status, etc.).

The ES system may include a token management system (TMS, or a security server). The TMS may be configured to act as the registration authority and to direct the entire enrollment process. The TPS may also be configured as the only entity in the ES system to construct the APDUs, which are the message format understood by the smart card. The TMS may interface with a token processing system (TPS) to a token key service (TKS) module, a data recovery manager (DRM) module and a certificate authority (CA) module through a firewall.

In various embodiments, smart cards (more generally tokens) may be configured to store an applet (a small application) and three keys. The three keys may be derived from a master key held by the manufacturer and the card identification number. The derivation of the keys may be implemented by applying a pre-defined function(s) to the master key and the card identification number. One of the keys may be a key encryption key, KEK. The security client may detect the presence of an inserted token in an associated card reader and inform TPS of the token.

The TPS may begin an initialization process that may include the TPS determining whether the applet on the token is outdated and whether the master key has changed since the three keys stored on the token were generated. If any of these conditions are true, the TPS may perform a “key update” in the event of the outdated master key and an “applet upgrade” in the event of outdated applet. As part of the update, the TPS may deliver new keys (derived within the TMS system from the new master key) and/or an updated applet to the token to be stored/injected therein.

The TPS may also determine that the token may need to initialized with server-side generated keys and key archival for those generated keys. More specifically, the TPS may be configured to provide tools that allow a system administrator to set policies to manage users. For example, the system administrator may set a policy where a group of users may have their tokens be enrolled with server-side key generation and key archival of those generated keys.

Accordingly, the security client may transmit a serial number, card unique identification, or card identification (CID) to the TPS of the TMS. The TPS may be configured to forward the CID of the token to the the TKS module. The TKS module may be configured to derive a series of keys based on the server master key and the CID. One of the derived keys is the key encryption key, KEK, which is configured to encrypt other secret keys. The TKS module is also configured to generate a key transport session key, KTSK. The TKS module may encrypt the key transport session key, KTSK, with the key encryption key, KEK, i.e., wrap, to arrive at a first encrypted or wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK).

The TKS module may be initially configured to hold a public key of the DRM module, which for the sake of convenience will be referred as a server transport key, STK. The TKS module may include an encrypted secure database where the server transport key, STK, is stored. The TKS module may wrap the key transport session key, KTSK, with the server transport key, STK, to arrive at a second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK). The TKS module may forward the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK) and the second wrapped transport session key STK(KTSK) to the TPS.

The TPS may be configured to forward the second wrapped server transport key, STK(KTSK) and the server-side key generation request to the DRM module while temporarily holding the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK). The DRM module may be configured to generate an asymmetric key pair, i.e., a subject public and a subject private (SPuK/SPrivK, respectively) key pair, where the subject may represent a user, device, or other entity such as organization, association, etc.

The DRM module may retrieve a storage key, SK, which may be a permanent private storage key owned by the DRM module and generate a storage session key, SSK. The DRM module may encrypt or wrap the subject private key, SPrivK, with the storage session key, SSK, to arrive at a wrapped storage private key, SSK(SPrivK). The DRM module may also encrypt the storage session key, SSK, with the storage key, SK, to arrive at a wrapped storage session key, SK(SSK). The wrapped storage private key, SSK(SPrivK) and the storage session key, SSK, may then be archived or escrowed by the DRM module. The archived keys (SSK(SPrivK) and SK(SSK)) may be used for later recovery in the event of a lost or destroyed token.

The DRM module may then decrypt, i.e., unwrap, the second wrapped transport session key, STK(KTSK), with the complementary key of the server transport key, STK, stored in the DRM module to retrieve the key transport session key, KTSK. The DRM module may then wrap the subject private key, SPrivK, with the key transport session key as a wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and forward the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and the subject public key, SPuK, to the TPS.

The TPS may forward the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK), to the security client to write into the token. The forwarded wrapped keys (KEK(KTSK) and KTSK(SPrivK)) are received at the token to be injected therein. For the sake of completeness, the token may execute an applet that can retrieve the key encryption key, KEK, which the manufacturer had derived and stored or the TMS has updated and stored Accordingly, the applet may unwrap the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK) to retrieve the key transport session key, KTSK. The applet then uses the key transport session key to unwrapped the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) to retrieve the subject private key, SPrivK.

The TPS may be further configured to send a certificate enrollment request with the information regarding the subject public key, SPuK, to the CA module for certificates for the token. The TPS may subsequently forward received certificates from the CA module to the token. Subsequently, the certificates are written into the token.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary secure system 100 in accordance with an embodiment. It should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that other components may be added or existing components may be removed or modified. Moreover, the system 100 may be implemented using software components, hardware components, or combinations thereof.

As shown in FIG. 1, the secure system 100 includes a server 105, clients 110 and a local network 115. The server 105 may be a computing machine or platform configured to execute a token management system 120 through a multiple user operating system (not shown) in conjunction with the clients 110. The server 105 may be implemented with server platforms as known to those skilled in the art from Intel, Advanced Micro Devices, Hewlett-Packard, etc.

The server 105 may interact with the clients over the local network 115. The local network 115 may be a local area network implementing an established network protocol such as Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, etc. The local network 115 provides a communication channel for the server 105 and clients 110 to exchange data and commands.

The clients 110 may be computing machine or platform (machine) configured to execute secure and open applications through the multi-user operating system. The clients 110 may be implemented with personal computers, workstations, thin clients, thick clients, or other similar computing platform. The clients 110 may use operating systems such as Linux, Windows, Macintosh or other available operating system.

Each client 110 may be configured to interface with a security device 125. The security device 125 may be configured to act as a gatekeeper to the client 110. More particularly, a user may use a security token, such as a smart card, to access the respective client 110. Each client 110 may have a security client 130 executing to monitor the security device 125.

The security client 130 may be configured to manage the token. More specifically, the security client 130 may enroll the token, recovery keys for the token or reset a personal identification number for the token. The security client 130 may also be configured to interface with the token management system 120 and act as a proxy for application program data units (APDUs) between the token management system 120 and the token. The security client 130 may be further configured to display user interfaces as the token processing system 120 directs, i.e., prompting the user for credentials and/or PIN, displaying token status.

In some embodiments, the token management 120 may initiate token enrollment. The security client 130 may detect the presence of the inserted security token and notifies the token management system 120. The token management 120 may prompt the security client 130 to display a user interface querying the user to begin the enrollment process. The security client 130 may forward a card identification (CID) of the token. The CID uniquely identifies the token and is set during the manufacture of the token.

The token management system 120 comprises of several modules, as depicted in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary architecture of the token management system 120 in accordance with another embodiment. It should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the token management system 120 depicted in FIG. 2 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that other components may be added or existing components may be removed or modified. Moreover, the token management system 120 may be implemented using software components, hardware components, or combinations thereof.

As shown in FIG. 2, the token management system 120 includes a token processing system (labeled as TPS in FIG. 2) 205, a token key service (TKS) module 210, a data recovery manager (DRM) module 215 and a certificate authority (CA) module 220. The TPS 205 may be configured to act as a registration authority. The TPS 205 may direct the enrollment process. The TPS 205 may be configured to act a gateway between security clients 130 and tokens and the modules of the token management system 120.

The TKS module 210 may be configured to maintain master keys for the tokens. The TKS module 210 may also store symmetric keys associated with the token. These keys may be derived from a single master key combined with smart card serial number or identification number, i.e., the CID. The manufacturer of the smart card may store these symmetric keys onto the token. The manufacturer may also forward the single master key to the administrator of the token management system 120, who installs the key into the TKS module 210. For server side key generation requests, the manufacturer installed symmetric keys are replaced with the server generated keys which are derived the server master key. The TKS module 210 may also be configured to hold a public key of the DRM module 215 as a server transport key, STK, in an encrypted secure database.

The DRM module 215 may be configured to maintain a database of encrypted subject's private keys, which can be recovered on demand by an appropriate process. The DRM module 215 may also be configured to generate a subject public key (SPuK) and a subject private key (SPrivK), where the subject may represent a user, device, or other entity such as organization, association, etc.

In order to generate these keys, the DRM module 215 may comprise a PRNG 225. The PRNG 225 collects bits of entropy and generates pseudo-random numbers that are the basis of the keys generated by the DRM module 215. In general, the PRNG 225 uses well known algorithms to generate pseudo-random numbers to produce a stream of bits that form the basis of generated keys.

In some embodiments, in order to collect entropy bits, the PRNG 225 may collect feeds from a variety of sources. For example, the PRNG 225 may be configured to receive entropy bits from the other components of token management system 120, specialized entropy servers (not shown) which are known to those skilled in the art, and the client 110. The PRNG 225 may also collect entropy using data such as high-resolution timer-intervals between input/output interrupts, hard disk operations, and the like. Other forms of known random sources are known to those skilled in the art. Of course, one skilled in the art will also recognize that the DRM module 215 elect to use a single source of entropy for certain keys (such as low priority or single use keys), while using multiple sources of entropy for other keys. The DRM module 215 may also employ a combination of these approaches.

In some embodiments, the PRNG 225 is configured to receive entropy bits from various remote sources using secure channels. These channels may be secured using protocols, such as SSL. The PRNG 225 may then combine these bits of entropy from these various sources into a combined stream. Hence, although a single source of entropy may behave deterministic, the combination of entropy sources results in high entropy result and provides a stronger random number for key generation.

The PRNG 225 may collect a configurable number of entropy bits for each key generation. The number of entropy bits may be set according to various criteria. For example, the PRNG 225 may retrieve this configuration an administrator input or from a profile established for the keys being generated. Of course, the number of entropy bits may vary for each key generation.

The DRM module 215 may be further configured to retrieve a storage key, SK. The storage key, SK, may be a private permanent storage key owned by the DRM module 215. The DRM module 215 may generate a storage session key, SSK, to encrypt the subject private key, SPrivK, with the storage session key, SSK, to arrive at a wrapped private key, SSK(SPrivK) and encrypt the storage session key, SSK, with the storage key, SK, to arrive at a wrapped storage session key, SK(SSK). These wrapped keys, SSK(SPrivK) and SK(SSK) are archived or escrowed for later recovery.

The CA module 220 may be configured to generate X.509 certificates in response to received subject public key information and certificate enrollment requests.

In various embodiment, the TPS 205 may receive an enrollment request with a server-side generation request and CID from the security client 130. The TPS 205 may forward the CID of the token 130 from the enrollment request to the TKS module 210. The TKS module 210 may be configured to derive a key encryption key, KEK, that is used in encrypting other secret keys intended for the specific token within the token management system 120. More particularly, the TKS module 120 may be configured to apply a pre-defined function is used to derive the key encryption key, KEK, based on the CID from the token 130. The TKS module 210 may also generate a key transport session key, KTSK. The TKS module 210 may encrypt the key transport session key (KTSK) with the key encryption key (KEK) to arrive at a first encrypted or wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK).

The TKS module 210 may retrieve a server transport key, STK, where the server transport key may be a public key issued by the DRM module 215. The TKS module 210 may wrap the key transport session key, KTSK, with a server transport key, STK, to arrive at a second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK). The TKS module 210 may forward the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK) and the second wrapped key transport session key STK(KTSK) to the TPS 205.

The TPS 205 may be configured to forward the second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK) and the server-side key generation request to the DRM module 215 while temporarily holding the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK). The DRM module 215 may be configured to generate an asymmetric key pair, i.e., a subject public and a private (SPuK/SPrivK) key pair in response to receiving a server-side key generation request, where the subject may represent a user, device or other entity such as an organization, association, etc.

The DRM module 215 may also be configured to retrieve a storage key, SK, which is a permanent private storage key owned by the DRM module 215 and to generate a storage session key, SSK. The DRM module 215 may then wrap the subject private key, SPrivK with the storage session key, SSK, i.e., STK(SPrivK) and wrap the storage session key, SSK, with the storage key, SK, i.e., SK(SSK). The DRM module 215 may then archive or escrow these wrapped keys for later recovery in the event of a lost or destroyed token.

The DRM module 215 may be further configured to decrypt the second wrapped transport key, STK(KTSK), to obtain the key transport session key, KTSK with the complementary key of the of the server transport key used in the TKS module 210. The server transport key and its complementary key may be symmetric or asymmetric as long as they are shared between the DRM module 215 and the TKS module 210. The DRM module 215 may then wrap the subject private key, SPrivK, with the key transport session key, KTSK, as a wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK). The DRM module 215 may forward the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and the subject public key, SPuK, to the TPS 205.

The TPS 205 may forward the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK), to the security client 130 to write into the token. The forwarded wrapped keys (KEK(KTSK) and KTSK(SPrivK)) are received at the token to be injected therein. For the sake of completeness, the token may execute an applet that can retrieve the key encryption key. Accordingly, the applet may unwrap the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK) to retrieve the key transport session key, KTSK. The applet then uses the key transport session key, KTSK, to unwrap the wrapped private key, KTK(SPrivK) to retrieve the subject private key, SPrivK. SPuK can either be injected or derived from SPrivK.

The TPS 205 may be further configured to send a certificate enrollment request along with information related to the subject public key, SPuK, to the CA module 220 for certificates for the token. The TPS 205 may subsequently forward received certificates from the CA module 220 to the security client 130. Subsequently, the certificates are written into the token.

FIG. 3 illustrate a flow diagram 300 executed by the token management system 120 in accordance with another embodiment. It should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the flow diagram 300 depicted in FIG. 3 represents a generalized illustration and that other steps may be added or existing steps may be removed or modified.

As shown in FIG. 3, the the TPS 205 may receive an enrollment request and the CID from the security client 130 because the user has inserted a new token in the security device 125, in step 305. The TPS 205 may determine that the inserted token requires server-side key generation and key archiving based on configuration policies set up by the system administrator. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the user of the token may request server-side key generation and/or key archiving. Subsequently, the TPS 205 may forward the CID to the TKS module 210, in step 310.

In step 315, the TKS module 210 may be configured to derive a key encryption key, KEK. Within the TKS module 210, the key encryption key, KEK, may be derived by applying a pre-define function to the server master key and the CID. The key encryption key, KEK, may be configured to encrypt other secret keys intended for the inserted token that is associated, i.e., owns, the KEK in the token management system 120. The TKS module 210 may also be configured to generate a key transport session key, KTSK, for use in the duration of an enrollment or a recovery session.

In step 320, the TKS module 210 may encrypt the key transport session key, KTSK, with the key encryption key, KEK, to arrive at a first encrypted or wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK). In step 325, the TKS module 210 may retrieve a server transport key, STK, and wrap the key transport session key (KTSK) with the server transport key, STK, to arrive at a second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK).

In step 330, the TKS module 210 may forward the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK) and the second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK) to the TPS 205. In step 335, the TPS 205 may be configured to forward the second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK), and the server-side key generation request to the DRM module 215 while temporarily holding the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK).

In step 340, the DRM module 215 may be configured to generate an asymmetric key pair, i.e., a subject public and a private (SPuK/SPrivK, respectively) key pair in response to receiving the server-side key generation request from the TPS 205. As noted above, the DRM module 215 may utilize the PRNG 225 to collect multiple sources of random data between each key generation. The PRNG 225 may then use these multiple sources of entropy to seed an random number that forms the keys. As also noted, the number of entropy bits used by the PRNG 2225 may be configured for each key generation based on a policy or administrator input. In step 345, the DRM module 215 may also be configured to retrieve a storage key, SK, and generate a storage session key, SSK, again using multiple sources of entropy.

In step 350, the DRM module 215 may be further configured to wrap the subject private key, SPrivK, with the storage session key, SSK, to arrive at a wrapped storage private key, SSK(SPrivK). The DRM module 215 may also wrap the storage session key, SSK, with the storage key, SK, to arrive at a wrapped storage session key, SK(SSK). These wrapped keys, SSK(SPrivK) and SK(SSK), may be stored or escrowed in the DRM module 215.

In step 355, the DRM module 215 may decrypt, i.e., unwrap, the second wrapped key transport session key, STK(KTSK) with the complementary key of the server transport key, STK, used in the TKS module 210. In step 360, the DRM module 215 may then wrap the subject private key, SPrivK, with the key transport session key, KTSK as a wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK). In step 365, the DRM module 215 may forward the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and the subject public key, SPuK to the TPS 205.

In step 370, the TPS 205 may forward the wrapped private key, KTSK(SPrivK) and the first wrapped key transport session key, KEK(KTSK), to the security client 130 to write into the token. The forwarded wrapped keys are received at the token to be injected therein.

In step 375, the TPS 205 may be further configured to send a certificate enrollment request with information related to the subject public key, SPuK, to the CA module 220 for certificates for the token. In step 380, the TPS 205 may subsequently forward received certificates from the CA module 220 to the security client 130. Subsequently, the certificates are written into the token.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a computing platform 400 where an embodiment may be practiced. The functions of the security client and token management system may be implemented in program code and executed by the computing platform 400. The security client and token management system may be implemented in computer languages such as PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.

As shown in FIG. 4, the computer system 400 includes one or more processors, such as processor 402 that provide an execution platform for embodiments of the security client and token management system. Commands and data from the processor 402 are communicated over a communication bus 404. The computer system 400 also includes a main memory 406, such as a Random Access Memory (RAM), where the security client and token management system may be executed during runtime, and a secondary memory 408. The secondary memory 408 includes, for example, a hard disk drive 410 and/or a removable storage drive 412, representing a floppy diskette drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, etc., where a copy of a computer program embodiment for the security client and token management system may be stored. The removable storage drive 412 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 414 in a well-known manner. A user interfaces with the security client and token management system with a keyboard 416, a mouse 418, and a display 420. The display adapter 422 interfaces with the communication bus 404 and the display 420 and receives display data from the processor 402 and converts the display data into display commands for the display 420.

Certain embodiments may be performed as a computer program. The computer program may exist in a variety of forms both active and inactive. For example, the computer program can exist as software program(s) comprised of program instructions in source code, object code, executable code or other formats; firmware program(s); or hardware description language (HDL) files. Any of the above can be embodied on a computer readable medium, which include storage devices and signals, in compressed or uncompressed form. Exemplary computer readable storage devices include conventional computer system RAM (random access memory), ROM (read-only memory), EPROM (erasable, programmable ROM), EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable ROM), and magnetic or optical disks or tapes. Exemplary computer readable signals, whether modulated using a carrier or not, are signals that a computer system hosting or running the present invention can be configured to access, including signals downloaded through the Internet or other networks. Concrete examples of the foregoing include distribution of executable software program(s) of the computer program on a CD-ROM or via Internet download. In a sense, the Internet itself, as an abstract entity, is a computer readable medium. The same is true of computer networks in general.

While the invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope. The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. In particular, although the method has been described by examples, the steps of the method may be performed in a different order than illustrated or simultaneously. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these and other variations are possible within the spirit and scope as defined in the following claims and their equivalents. 

1. A method of generating credentials for a token, the method comprising: detecting the token and the server determining that the token is to be enrolled; generating a subject key pair within the server based on a plurality of sources of entropy, wherein the subject key pair includes a subject public key and the subject private key; encrypting the subject private key with a key transport session key to arrive at a wrapped private key; and forwarding the wrapped private key to the token.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving an identification number associated with the token.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: deriving a key encryption key based on a server master key and the identification number; generating the key transport session key based on a plurality of sources of entropy; and encrypting the key transport session key with the key encryption key to arrive at a first wrapped key transport session key.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising of retrieving a server transport key from a data recovery manager.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising of encrypting the key transport session key with the server transport key to arrive at a second wrapped key transport session key.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: decrypting the second wrapped key transport session key with a complementary private key of the server transport key to arrive at the key transport session key; and encrypting the subject private key with the key transport session key as the wrapped private key.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: retrieving a storage key configured to be a private key type; and generating a storage session key.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: encrypting the subject private key with the storage session key to arrive at a wrapped storage private key; and encrypting the storage session key with the storage key to arrive at a wrapped storage key.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising of storing the wrapped storage private key and the wrapped storage key in a data recovery manager.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: transmitting a certificate enrollment request with information related to the subject public key to a certificate authority module; and forwarding any received certificates to the token.
 11. An apparatus comprising of means for performing the method of claim
 1. 12. A computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions for performing the method of claim
 1. 13. A system for generating credentials for a token, the system comprising: a token; a security client configured to manage the token; and a security server configured to interface with the security client, wherein the security server is configured to detect the token to be enrolled by the security server, generate a subject key pair within the security server based on a plurality of sources of entropy, wherein the subject key pair includes a subject public key and the subject private key; encrypt the subject private key with a key transport session key to arrive at a wrapped private key; and forward the wrapped private key to the token.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the security client further comprises: a token processing gateway configured to manage the interface between the security client and the security client; a key service module configured to interface with the token processing gateway; a certificate authority module configured to interface with the token processing gateway and to generate certificates; and a data recovery manager (DRM) module configured to interface with the token processing gateway and configured to maintain a database of private keys, wherein the DRM module is configured to store the subject private key.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the key service module is further configured to generate the key transport session key and derive a key encryption key based on a master server key and identification number associated with the token.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the key service module is configured to encrypt the key transport session key with the key encryption key to arrive at a first wrapped key transport session key.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the key service module is further configured to retrieve a server transport key and encrypt the key transport session key with the server transport key to arrive at a second wrapped key transport session key.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the key service module is further configured to forward the first wrapped key transport session key and the second wrapped key transport session key to the token processing gateway.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the token processing gateway is further configured to forward the second wrapped key transport session key to the DRM module.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the DRM module is further configured to generate the subject key pair.
 21. The system of claim 19, wherein the DRM module is further configured to retrieve a storage key and generate a storage session key.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the DRM module is further configured to encrypt the subject private key with the storage session key to arrive at a wrapped storage private key and to encrypt the storage session key with the storage key to arrive at wrapped storage key.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the DRM module is configured to store the wrapped storage private key and wrapped storage key in a database maintained by the DRM module.
 24. The system of claim 20, wherein the DRM module is further configured to decrypt the second wrapped key transport key with a complementary private key of the server transport key and encrypt the subject private key with key transport session key to arrive at the wrapped private key.
 25. The system of claim 20, wherein the DRM module is further configured to forward the wrapped subject private key to the token processing gateway.
 26. The system of claim 14, wherein the token processing gateway is further configured to transmit a certificate enrollment request and information related to the subject public key to the certificate authority module.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the token processing gateway is further configured to forward any generated certificates to the token at the security client. 